A pandemia de coronavírus trouxe questões jurídicas e filosóficas, dentre elas, a banalização do mal. A naturalização das mortes, a possibilidade do médico escolher quem irá para um leito com respirador após a análise de um protocolo e a postura negacionista do Presidente da República mostram que os requisitos da banalização do mal, conceito criado por Hannah Arendt, estão presentes. A ética da solidariedade precisa ser relembrada, especialmente quando a sociedade contribui no aumento do contágio quando se aglomera ou pleiteia (...) o inexistente direito de não usar a máscara. (shrink)

Objective: Illness perceptions are important predictors of emotional and behavioral responses in many diseases. The current study aims to investigate the COVID-19-related IP throughout Europe. The specific goals are to understand the temporal development, identify predictors and examine the impacts of IP on perceived stress and preventive behaviors.Methods: This was a time-series-cross-section study of 7,032 participants from 16 European countries using multilevel modeling from April to June 2020. IP were measured with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Temporal patterns were observed (...) considering the date of participation and the date recoded to account the epidemiological evolution of each country. The outcomes considered were perceived stress and COVID-19 preventive behaviors.Results: There were significant trends, over time, for several IP, suggesting a small decrease in negativity in the perception of COVID-19 in the community. Age, gender, and education level related to some, but not all, IP. Considering the self-regulation model, perceptions consistently predicted general stress and were less consistently related to preventive behaviors. Country showed no effect in the predictive model, suggesting that national differences may have little relevance for IP, in this context.Conclusion: The present study provides a comprehensive picture of COVID-19 IP in Europe in an early stage of the pandemic. The results shed light on the process of IP formation with implications for health-related outcomes and their evolution. (shrink)

El objetivo del estudio se orientó a analizar el desarrollo socioemocional de niños(as) con habilidades diferentes que participaron en actividades de equinoterapia en la ciudad de Lima. La muestra del estudio, realizado con diseño fenomenológico, estuvo constituida por los padres o madres de familia que participaron en la implementación de actividades de equinoterapia y ofrecieron información de sus hijos(as) con autismo, síndrome de Down o trastorno por déficit de atención con y sin hiperactividad. El recojo de datos se utilizó (...) un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas que se enfocaron en las áreas social y emocional del desarrollo de niños(as), el cual fue administrado a 25 informantes, número que se alcanzó por saturación. Se encontró como resultado que los(as) niños(as) que participan en actividades de equinoterapia con enfoque holístico se ve favorecido su desarrollo socioemocional, referente a la relación de apego y control de emociones en el área emocional, y las relaciones. (shrink)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the coherence of the presentation of hypotheses and conclusions in postgraduate thesis on educational quality, which was carried out with a descriptive design. The population consisted of postgraduate theses on educational quality from four Universities of Lima, supported from 2020 to 2022, and the sample was adequate and representative. After the documentary review and analysis, the statistical analysis allowed us to find as a result a weak linear positive correlation of such (...) variables with a significance much lower than 0.01, which means that there is no optimal logical articulation between elements of the these. (shrink)

Euthanasia has become the subject of ethical and political debate in many countries including Mexico. Since many physicians are deeply concerned about euthanasia, due to their crucial participation in its decision and implementation, it is important to know the psychological meaning that the term ‘euthanasia’ has for them, as well as their attitudes toward this practice. This study explores psychological meaning and attitudes toward euthanasia in 546 Mexican subjects, either medical students or physicians, who were divided into three groups: a) (...) beginning students, b) advanced students, and c) physicians. We used the semantic networks technique, which analyzed the words the participants associated with the term ‘euthanasia’. Positive psychological meaning, as well as positive attitudes, prevailed among advanced students and physicians when defining euthanasia, whereas both positive and negative psychological meaning together with more ambivalent attitudes toward euthanasia predominated in beginning students. The findings are discussed in the context of a current debate on a bill proposing active euthanasia in Mexico City. (shrink)

La explicación urbana, definida bajo conceptos psicoanalíticos trascendidos mediante el uso de tópicas complejas en la generación de los problemas urbanos, desarrolla la comprensión de las paradojas de la anti-ciudad en la ciudad, la identidad y la no-identidad, y la marginación y la inclusión. La ciudad es entendida desde el rapport del ámbito urbano, al descubrir su tópica urbana y subordinar su configuración esencial al urbanismo, en relación con la conciencia colectiva, para explicar y comprender los fenómenos que coadyuvan a (...) entender la identidad, la marginación y la violencia como fenómenos urbanos. Urban reason, defined under psychoanalytic concepts transcended through the use of complex topologies in the generation of urban problems, develops our understanding of the paradoxes of the anti-city within the city, identity and non-identity, and marginalization and inclusion. The city is understood from the rapport of the urban environment, as its urban topology is discovered and its essential configuration subordinated to urbanism, in relation to collective consciousness. This understanding leads to an explanation and comprehension of the phenomena that help to understand identity, marginalization, and violence as urban phenomena. (shrink)

Este artigo consiste numa análise interdisciplinar com o auxílio de teorias filosóficas, sociológicas e políticas sobre as contradições da democracia e sua relação com a opinião pública a partir de três perspectivas: num primeiro momento aborda os modelos normativos de democracia diagnosticados por Habermas em Inclusão do Outro, e sua proposta de procedimento deliberativo com vistas a superar os limites dos modelos liberal e republicano; depois de expor um diagnóstico basilar dos modelos democráticos, apresenta alguns pontos concernentes às contradições da (...) democracia contemporânea a partir das análises sociológicas e da ciência política de Charles Tilly. Num terceiro momento, aborda a democracia a partir do conceito hegeliano de opinião pública tendo em vista três componentes: a fenomenologia, a lógica e a política da opinião pública.Palavras-chave: Contradição; Democracia; Opinião Pública. (shrink)

The negative impacts of agriculture on the environment and the inequity that limits access to healthy food for the entire population impede sustainable development. This article reflects contributions to food security and alternatives for transitioning to sustainable food systems. It is concluded that food, as a human right, is a complex and transdisciplinary issue, which must be integrated as a transversal axis in the economic, social, environmental, governance, and cultural dimensions to contribute to sustainable development and therefore the convenience of (...) making the transition from the concept of food security to that of food sustainability. (shrink)

Se afirma a menudo que el utilitarismo (al menos su versión estándar) es incapaz de tomar en cuenta las emociones. Siendo esto así, se afirma que es incapaz de responder (correctamente) a nuestros problemas morales más importantes y que, de hecho, se convierte en una doctrina inútil. Sin embargo, debemos matizar esta acusación diciendo, por un lado, que las emociones tienen, de algún modo, un significativo papel en la teoría de Bentham y que, por otro lado, tienen, indudablemente, un papel (...) central en el utilitarismo de Mill. En este artículo tratamos de mostrar cuál es ese papel y si el uso de las emociones en la teoría de Mill puede ser visto como una especie de desviacionismo de la versión estándar. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: In its historical deployment, socialist thought has attracted the attention of numerous experts and thinkers. The results reached from the above mentioned efforts, are quite irregular in fact. These studies are very often linked the marxist tradition, that shifted its identity to label previous social reformers as "utopian socialists". Specifically, our academic Spanish tradition has traditionally been dependant -historically and intellectually- on other Continental currents of thought. We state, that the preeminence and fundamental influence on our Spanish culture in (...) the Iberian Peninsula, has traditionally had its origin here, between modernity and industrialism, in France. Consistently, contributions concerning authors like Saint-Simon, Fourier or Cabet do exist. However, it is necessary to say that there is a bibliographical and very significant emptiness around one of the most relevant figures of European history in the 19th Century. Such emptiness has to do with the absence of publications concerning Robert Owen and his meaning in Spanish. Key words: Christianity, Modernity, Industrialism, Utopian Socialism, Socialism, Rationality, History. (shrink)

Même s’il existe peu d’études sur la vie d’un homme se mariant avec une femme divorcée qui a des enfants, son rôle dans cette nouvelle structure est fondamental, à la fois pour l’ajustement et la qualité de la relation conjugale et familiale. Afin de mieux comprendre l’expérience de ces hommes au Brésil, nous avons réalisé à São Paulo une étude portant sur cinq hommes âgés entre 27 et 43 ans. Ils ont été interrogés individuellement sur leur expérience de vie commune (...) d’au moins deux ans avec des femmes ayant des enfants mineurs, et appartenant à la classe moyenne urbaine. Les témoignages ont été organisés selon les principaux thèmes identifiés dans notre étude, à savoir: complexité de la vie en famille, conjugalité, parentalité et rapport avec l’ex-mari. On a vérifié aussi que l’homme a réalisé son projet amoureuxconjugal avec les enfants de sa femme, parce que c’est autour d’eux que se concentre la majeure partie des difficultés conjugales. Les témoignages recueillis permettent aussi d’identifier des aspects de vulnérabilité et de protection qui mériteraient une autre étude plus approfondie. (shrink)

The contribution of Jesuits to the different fields of knowledge, including philosophy, is historically well known. In fact, since the foundation of the Society of Jesus, in the 16th century, Jesuits from different generations and cultures have taken part in the philosophical debates of their time and their different contexts. Since the foundation of the Society of Jesus, in 1540, the Jesuits, individually and as a body, have engaged in a fruitful dialogue between the Christian tradition and different dimensions of (...) human culture. During almost five centuries, numerous Jesuits taught philosophy in academic institutions all over the world. Some of them have their names recorded in the history of philosophy. Of course, the majority of them is not anymore remembered, despite their valuable contribution to the development of the Jesuit intellectual tradition up to our times. In fact, as an heir of the Roman College, the first academic institution founded by the Society of Jesus, in 1551, the Pontifical Gregorian University, in Rome, is a witness to this tradition, which has been kept alive thanks to the discrete work of both Jesuits and lay intellectuals. Known as the University of the Nations, this institution corroborates not only the capacity of the Jesuit tradition to put faith in dialogue with reason, but also the option to take the concrete reality of each human culture and its historical context as its point of departure. The Jesuits’ willingness to engage in dialogue with different intellectual perspectives is underpinned by one of the most defining traits of the Jesuit charism, namely, the conviction that God can be found and served in all things. Accordingly, Jesuits have adopted, from the beginning, an amenable stance towards the world with its different cultures and intellectual trends. As such, Jesuits have, since the beginning, inhabited the frontiers of human thought. According to the contemporary philosopher Paul Gilbert, SJ, within the institutions under the leadership of the Society of Jesus, it was always possible to maintain an equilibrium between two principles: “intellectual unity” and “openness to the world.” Without detriment to the Jesuit identity, the companions of Ignatius have been willing to dwell in the various dimensions of human reality, in their multiplicity and plurality. Either in the renewal of Aristotle’s and Aquinas’ metaphysics, or in the dialogue with modern philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, or Hegel, and even in the inculturation in non-European contexts, the Jesuits have been able to preserve the Christian tradition through an original development of human culture in all its richness and diversity. With respect to the last century, it has to be acknowledged that a significant number of Jesuits made significant contributions, with recognized competence, to philosophy. Certainly, the 20th century was particularly complex in many respects. It would be enough to recall that this period, which brought with it unprecedented social, scientific, and technological developments, was also the stage for the two World Wars. With the emergence or consolidation of philosophical currents such as Marxism, Phenomenology, Existentialism, Structuralism, and Post-Modernism, the past century was, without any doubt, fascinating from the intellectual point of view. Jesuits such as Karl Rahner, Frederick Copleston, Bernard Lonergan, William Norris Clarke, John F. Kavanaugh, Teilhard de Chardin, Gaston Fessard, Jean Daniélou, Henri de Lubac, Michel de Certeau, Xavier Tilliette, Paul Valadier, Paweł Siwek, Ignacio Ellacuría, Francisco Taborda, Henrique de Lima Vaz and, in the Portuguese context, Diamantino Martins or Júlio Fragata, among many others, were able to engage different philosophical currents, problems and controversies of their times. Faithful to their long tradition of being present in the frontiers of thought, those Jesuits have engaged in a fruitful dialogue with these intellectual trends, offering relevant contributions to different ongoing debates. Within this context, the present volume recalls and discusses the philosophical contribution of some of the most prominent Jesuit protagonists of the intellectual interchange that took place in the 20th century. This volume also intends to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, which happens just before the inauguration of the Ignatian Year. Decreed by Father Arturo Sosa, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, this celebratory Year will start on May 20, 2021, precisely 500 years after Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit Order, was wounded at the battle of Pamplona. We are happy that this volume could bring together outstanding specialists in the thought of some of the most prominent Jesuits philosophers of the last century, namely Paul Valadier, Paul Gilbert, Józef Bremer, Jacek Poznański, Alexander Maar, Patrick H. Byrne, M. Ross Romero, Carlos Alvarez, Hélio Pereira Lima, José Gama, Domingos Terra, Gabriel Flynn, Marie-Gabrielle Lemaire, José Sols Lucia, Lorena Zuchel Lovera, Pedro Pablo Achondo Moya, Enzo Solari, Massimo Borghesi, Mendo Castro Henriques, João Barbosa, and Dominique Lambert. In addition, in the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Júlio Fragata’s birth, Maria Teresa Fragata presents a memory of his life and thought. We hope that this volume may be useful to all those interested in the Jesuit philosophical tradition. Hopefully, it will stimulate scholars to pursue a fruitful and creative dialogue with contemporary philosophy, in the footsteps of the Jesuit philosophers featured here. We would like to thank all the authors and all those who, in different ways, made this volume possible. (shrink)

Em trabalhos anteriores, analisamos as formas pelas quais a sociologia vem sendo cobrada nos vestibulares de algumas universidades em diferentes regiões brasileiras e no ENEM. Além do entendimento de que formas são essas, uma das conclusões a que chegamos foi a de que, no ENEM, dificilmente há o acionamento de conhecimento sociológico prévio para a resolução da prova. Entendemos que, por mais que a cobrança na redação e de modo interdisciplinar traga algum reconhecimento ao saber sociológico, a construção de questões (...) que possam ir além da interpretação de texto é fundamental para a consolidação da sociologia no exame. Sendo assim, como continuidade de nossa reflexão, objetivamos, no presente trabalho, discutir, afinal, o que é esse conhecimento prévio, que pode ser entendido como conceitos, temas e teorias sociológicos. Mas quais são eles e como são cobrados na prática? Como sabemos, não há uma definição nacional dos conteúdos da sociologia, mas algumas propostas estaduais. Analisaremos quais são, segundo os editais das universidades, as matérias de sociologia presentes em alguns vestibulares, se é possível chegar a um mapa comum e se esse mapa é compatível ou não com os currículos mínimos estaduais. Para isso, analisaremos editais dos vestibulares em que a sociologia está presente e do ENEM. (shrink)

Este ensaio pretende levantar as seguintes questões: 1. de que modo é possível reconstituir o sentido de moral segundo um amor-próprio cujo conteúdo é dado menos por um isolamento ou negaçáo do outro do que por um trabalho pessoal sobre si mesmo, em vista de um êthos , de uma ética? 2. em que medida o valor da moral hoje em dia pode ser deslocado da lei universal para uma atitude de diferença, da normalidade do comportamento para o cultivo de (...) si e, por fim, da verdade sobre o sujeito para uma subjetivaçáo ascética que náo exige a prerrogativa de uma identidade, mas a transformaçáo de si na relaçáo consigo e com os outros? Tais questões sáo levantadas a partir de Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault e Fernando Savater. Palavras-chave: Amor-próprio, Estética da existência, Ética, Identidade. (shrink)

este artigo discutiu a aquisição da competência textual escrita no Ensino Fundamental em escola pública, tendo por base as práticas de letramento e a crítica às práticas de ensino da Língua Portuguesa nesse nível de ensino regulado pelas disposições normativas vigentes. Metodologicamente utilizou-se o estudo de caso de tipo etnográfico. Tal metodologia subsidiou os resultados alcançados, mediante confronto dos dados com os resultados da prática de produção escrita.

A pesquisa Os enigmas de infância e experiências em uma escola pública da cidade de Maceió/AL: o que revelam? é uma pesquisa de Mestrado, do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação (PPGE) da Universidade Federal de Alagoas/UFAL, realizada entre 2014 e 2016. O objetivo desta, foi problematizar infância e experiências no cotidiano de uma escola pública no município de Maceió/AL de outra maneira. Para isso, usou a concepção de filosofia presente no filósofo Friedrich Nietzsche, a concepção de infância em Walter Omar (...) Kohan, de tempo em Heráclito, e de experiência nos teóricos Giorgio Agamben e Jorge Larrosa. O trabalho aqui apresentado pretende compartilhar algumas reflexões presentes na pesquisa de Mestrado mediante uma breve exposição do campus da pesquisa e dos teóricos que nos ajudaram com os enigmas infância e experiência. (shrink)

Chiefly on Hindu logic; also on Jaina and Buddhist logic.

A presente pesquisa objetiva discutir a leitura de Karl Popper sobre os escritos de Francis Bacon no que concerne ao método científico. Popper afirma que Bacon é um puro empirista, na medida em que o filósofo inglês sugere a indução como método seguro à ciência, e concebe as teorias científicas a partir da observação direta da natureza, ou seja, a partir da experiência. Mas será mesmo que Bacon pode ser considerado um puro empirista como afirma Popper? Na tentativa de responder (...) a esta questão, apresentar-se-á leituras de comentadores de Bacon para que se possa contrapor às ideias de Popper. Nossa hipótese é de que a interpretação de Popper é válida, uma vez que se baseia em preceitos lógicos, porém acreditamos que sua análise desconsidera partes das obras de Bacon que fundamentam a interpretação de que este não pode ser considerado um puro empirista. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a interpretação de Popper acerca de um suposto antiteoricismo, que se manifesta na ideia de purificação da mente e na defesa da observação como ponto inicial da ciência, em Francis Bacon. Popper considera que tal posição antiteórica, a que deu o nome de “observacionismo”, supervaloriza o papel da observação no método científico. Procuramos discutir se Bacon realmente assume tal posição e em quais circunstâncias a leitura popperiana é possível. Nossa hipótese é de que (...) o filósofo inglês não pode ser considerado um antiteoricista e, portanto, um defensor do empirismo ingênuo. Dessa maneira, iremos expor a posição de Popper e depois contestá-la com auxílio de comentadores especializados na teoria baconiana. (shrink)

Guiado pela investigação lógica e buscando sistematicamente denunciar e desfazer anacronismos, este discreto estudo questiona a tradução mais recorrente do verbete grego agathos, isto é, “Bom/Bem”, e, confirmando sua limitação e, em alguns casos, sua total inaplicabilidade, propõe “sentir-se bem” como tradução correta. De fato, uma vez testada a nova semântica nos textos aqui estudados, confirmou-se ser ela a mais apropriada e verdadeira.

Muchos estudiantes universitarios se enfrentan por primera vez a la búsqueda de empleo cuando acaban sus estudios de grado y, además, sin haber redactado nunca una carta de presentación o un currículum. Una formación transversal sobre este tipo de cuestiones debería estar presente en los estudios de grado, independientemente del área de conocimiento. En esta propuesta presentamos la integración de este tipo de textos específicos en el temario de tres asignaturas diferentes. Para ello, explicamos la metodología llevada a cabo, los (...) resultados obtenidos y las conclusiones de esta propuesta docente. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza una de las facetas más relevantes del pensamiento político de Lord Acton: la relación entre catolicismo y liberalismo. Se utilizan algunos de sus escritos más significativos de esa temática durante las décadas de 1850 a 1870, complementados con datos procedentes de su correspondencia y teniendo muy presente los principales estudios disponibles sobre su biografía intelectual. Aquí se sostiene que Acton planteó una simbiosis de catolicismo y liberalismo significativamente particular, deudora de la tradición liberal inglesa, pero con un (...) componente de análisis historiográfico y ético que la singulariza de forma notable. Su forma de entrelazar cristianismo e individualismo moral, a partir de lo que denominó “the Christian notion of conscience”, enfrentaba radicalmente a la iglesia con cualquier forma de despotismo y se amparaba en una ineludible separación de esferas. Esto explica su rechazo a los decretos conciliares proclamados por Pío IX en 1870 y su incómoda y ambigua posición dentro de la iglesia tras esa fecha. Pero también su aportación singular y no exenta de contradicciones al intento de conciliación entre catolicismo y liberalismo en la Europa del último cuarto del siglo XIX. (shrink)

Hockenhull y Leavitt Cohn introducen en su análisis de la escena tecnológica danesa el concepto de «aire caliente» para describir las medias verdades y exageraciones que las compañías utilizan para atraer la atención pública y la inversión. La ciencia ficción y los anuncios de las empresas del sector tecnológico describen con frecuencia a los robots del futuro como seres inteligentes y con capacidad de sentir y, por tanto, con la capacidad de sustituir a las personas como amantes y compañeros de (...) vida. El presente artículo tendrá como objetivo analizar estas expectativas presentes en los imaginarios sociotécnicos de la inteligencia artificial con la intención de descubrir sus problemas y facilitar un juicio menos inflado de «aire caliente». (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

Developed by Arthur Prior, Temporal Logic allows to represent temporal information on a logical system using modal operators such as P, F, H or G, whose intuitive meaning is “it was sometime in the Past...”, “it will be sometime in the Future...”, “it Has always been in the past...” and “it will always Going to be in the future...” respectively. Valuation of formulae built from these operators are carried out on Kripke semantics, so Modal Logic and Temporal Logic are consequently (...) related. In fact, Temporal Logic is an extension of Modal one. Even when both logics mechanisms are able to formalize modal-temporal information with some accuracy, they suffer from a lack of expressiveness which Hybrid Logic can solve. Indeed, one of the problems of Modal Logic consists in its incapacity of naming specific points inside a model. As Temporal Logic is based on it, it cannot make such a thing neither. But First-Order Logic does can by means of constants and equality relation. Hybrid Logic, which results from combining Modal Logic and First-Order Logic, may solve this shortcoming. The main aim of this paper is to explain how Hybrid Logic emanates from Modal and Temporal ones in order to show what it adds to both logics with regard to information representation, why it is more expressive than them and what relation it maintains with the First-Order Correspondence Language. (shrink)

The upbringing of infants in native communities is the concern of authorities and researchers for being a vulnerable population segment. The purpose of the study was to analyze child rearing styles of an Amuesha community in the Peruvian jungle. The phenomenological design allowed interviewing amuesha mothers from Oxapampa in Pasco, until reaching saturation. It was found as results that child rearing practices conform to sociocultural patterns, such as identity and communal heritage culture, which are in extinction due to the presence (...) of exotic factors; in addition to a demand to the State for better education and health services. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca realizar una aproximación al proceso de huelga general convocada por la Convención Nacional de Trabajadores en Uruguay frente al golpe de Estado perpetrado el 27 de junio de 1973. En el marco del 50 aniversario, el artículo se propone reflexionar y presentar algunas interrogantes sobre los hechos, las memorias y los relatos construidos en relación a la temática. Además, plantear una lectura que vincula más estrechamente la decisión y la preparación de la emblemática huelga con una (...) serie de acontecimientos acaecidos a nivel nacional y regional desde la década de 1950. (shrink)